I lavori notturni, su turni, favoriscono l’insorgenza di diabete tipo 2, obesità e altre malattie metaboliche. Questo emerge da una ricerca condotta negli Stati Uniti: basterebbero tre giorni di turni di notte per confondere i ritmi circadiani che regolano il glucosio, il metabolismo energetico e i livelli di infiammazione.
L’alterazione dei ritmi di sonno-veglia/notte-giorno porta a uno stress duraturo dell’organismo che ha conseguenze sulla salute a lungo termine. Queste alterazioni sono già visibili dopo tre giorni di turni di notte.
I partecipanti a questa ricerca sono stati coinvolti a svolgere turni di lavoro notturni o diurni, dopodichè sono stati tenuti per 24 ore in condizioni di luce, temperatura, postura e assunzione di cibo costanti per misurare i ritmi del loro orologio biologico interno senza interferenze provenienti dall’esterno.
A intervalli regolari veniva analizzato il sangue dei partecipanti al fine di monitorare i livelli di alcune proteine presenti nelle cellule immunitarie del sangue, i cui ritmi sono collegati in maniera molto stretta a quelli dell’orologio biologico.
Questi ritmi non sono variati in maniera significativa in risposta ai lavori notturni.
A parte le proteine delle cellule immunitarie, la maggior parte delle altre proteine hanno iniziato a subire alterazioni importanti nelle persone che avevano osservato turni di notte.
Le alterazioni più significative hanno coinvolto le proteine che regolano i livelli di glucosio nel sangue, quindi i processi necessari alla produzione di insulina e quelli che determinano la sensibilità all’insulina. Quello che è stato osservato è che i processi che regolano il glucosio nel sangue nei lavoratori notturni non apparivano più sincronizzati con l’orologio biologico, con innalzamenti della glicemia.
Gli studi che hanno esplorato l’insorgenza di diabete tipo 2 in relazione al lavoro notturno non sono pochi. Una ricerca del 2018, pubblicata sul British Medical Journal ha coinvolto 145mila infermiere negli Stati Uniti dimostrando che chi svolge lavoro notturni ha più probabilità di sviluppare diabete tipo 2 e obesità.
I partecipanti sono stati sottoposti a questionari ogni due anni per aggiornare le informazioni cliniche e sullo stile di vita.
Lo stile di vita “non salutare” è stato definito utilizzando quattro fattori principali:
Durante i 22-24 anni di follow-up si sono verificati quasi 11mila casi di diabete tipo 2.
I ricercatori hanno quindi concluso che l’associazione fra turni di notte e stile di vita poco salutare relativo contribuiscono ad aumentare il rischio di diabete tipo 2.
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