L’ipoglicemia è una complicanza del diabete di tipo 1 e di tipo 2 molto frequente e consiste in un improvviso abbassamento del livello di glucosio nel sangue. Si è in presenza di ipoglicemia quando questo livello scende al di sotto della norma, vale a dire è inferiore ai 60-70 mg/dl.
In base ai sintomi e al diverso impatto sull’organismo possiamo distinguere due tipologie di ipoglicemia, lieve-moderata e grave, le quali richiedono due trattamenti differenti.
L’ipoglicemia lieve si manifesta con sintomi neurogenici come tremore, palpitazione e sudorazione. Si parla di ipoglicemia moderata quando a questi sintomi si aggiungono quelli neuroglicopenici come stato di confusione, giramenti di testa e debolezza. In entrambi i casi si tratta di una patologia che deve mettere subito in allarme la persona con diabete ma che può essere gestita ancora autonomamente con l’assunzione dei cibi giusti, nelle quantità adeguate, e con un controllo ripetuto della glicemia.
Una volta confermata la presenza di ipoglicemia è necessario agire secondo la cosiddetta “regola del 15”: assumere 15 gr di glucosio e ricontrollare l’indice glicemico dopo 15 minuti per verificare che sia salito a 100 mg/dl.
Se la glicemia è ancora bassa è necessario assumere 15 gr di carboidrati semplici e ripetere i controlli e le assunzioni di cibo finché la glicemia non si stabilizza nuovamente sopra la soglia. È consigliabile continuare a misurare ogni 15 minuti fino a quando si rilevano almeno due volte di seguito i valori normali, senza dover effettuare alcun trattamento tra una misurazione e l’altra.
L’ipoglicemia grave si manifesta quando la glicemia scende al di sotto dei 30 mg/dl e si presenta con sintomi ancora più seri: l’individuo ha uno stato di coscienza alterato e necessita dell’assistenza di terzi poiché non è in grado di gestirsi in maniera autosufficiente né di poter assumere sostanze per bocca.
È altamente consigliato chiedere un intervento medico con ambulanza, a prescindere dal tipo di trattamento che può essere messo in atto da chi assiste il malato.
Il trattamento di scelta in una situazione extraospedaliera è la somministrazione di glucosio in soluzioni ipertoniche, qualora vi sia la possibilità di accesso venoso. In caso contrario chi assiste può procedere con la somministrazione di glucagone per via intramuscolare o sottocutanea
Chi segue una terapia con farmaci ipoglicemizzanti orali o con insulina è maggiormente a rischio di sviluppare l’ipoglicemia. Le conseguenze di questa complicanza possono essere molto serie, fino a condurre al coma o alla morte, per cui è fondamentale imparare a riconoscere e a gestire in modo corretto la comparsa di eventuali episodi ipoglicemici.
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