Fumare fa male a tutti, ma fa peggio a chi convive con una patologia cronica come il diabete
Recenti studi, fra i quali uno studio randomizzato pubblicato su Nature, hanno quantificato che un fumatore ha un rischio maggiore del 37-44% di sviluppare il diabete di tipo 2, rispetto alla popolazione di non fumatori.
I fumatori peraltro, proprio a causa della loro dipendenza, sono a maggior rischio di complicazioni, oltre ad avere di fronte una aspettativa di vita più breve, calcolata tra 8 e dieci anni in meno.
“E’ assolutamente prioritario intercettare i fumatori e aiutarli a smettere per limitare il rischio che sviluppino una sindrome metabolica, resistenza all’insulina e diabete conclamato” sostiene il Professor Angelo Avogaro, Presidente della Società Italiana Diabetologia (SID) “Sforzo ancora più impellente per le persone con diabete che continuano a fumare e che, a causa della dipendenza da sigarette, rischiano di veder peggiorare la propria condizione con un aumento delle complicanze. Il fumo aumenta del 58% la mortalità evitabile per tutte le cause nelle persone con diabete di tipo 1 (64%) e tipo 2 (39%).”
La ricerca sopracitata, pubblicata su Nature nel 2019, evidenzia che la nicotina attiva i neuroni nicotinici nel cervello, i quali regolano anche il rilascio di glucagone e insulina da parte del pancreas, determinando il rilascio di più alti livelli di glucosio nel sangue.
Il Dottor Avogaro prosegue: “Ma il rischio potrebbe essere ancora maggiore: al Congresso della European Diabetes Association che sì è svolto ad Amburgo, sono stati presentati i risultati di una ricerca condotta al Karolinska Institutet in Svezia, in cui non solo il fumo aumenta il rischio del 73% di sviluppare il diabete, ma che i fumatori presentano un profilo metabolico particolare, una sorta di ‘firma’ che funziona in sinergia con i fattori di rischio genetici. In parole semplici i soggetti con profilo metabolico e rischio genetico di resistenza all’insulina avrebbero un rischio di diabete di oltre 2 volte maggiore”.
Gli effetti del fumo di sigarette sul diabete si possono calcolare con una formula, basta moltiplicare il numero di sigarette fumate al giorno per il numero di anni in cui sì fuma e dividere per 20. Tanto per fare un esempio chi fuma 40 sigarette al giorno da 35 anni avrà un rischio del 70% di sviluppare diabete. Mentre chi fuma 10 sigarette al giorno da 25 anni avrà un rischio del 12,5%.
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