Quando si parla di diabete si deve distinguere tra diabete di tipo 1 e diabete di tipo 2. Entrambe le forme sono accomunate da una caratteristica: l’eccesso di glucosio nel sangue (iperglicemia).
La forma più comune di diabete, il diabete di tipo 2, detto anche insulino-resistente, si sviluppa generalmente in età adulta quando le cellule continuano a produrre insulina ma in una quantità insufficiente a soddisfare le necessità dell’organismo.
Il trattamento di questa forma di diabete si fonda su accorgimenti riguardanti una dieta sana ed equilibrata e lo svolgimento di attività fisica regolare; l’assunzione di insulina come terapia è molto raro.
Tra i sintomi più comuni del diabete di tipo 2 vi sono:
Il diabete di tipo 2 rappresenta il 90-95%. In Italia ne è affetta circa il 5,5% della popolazione, oltre 3 milioni di persone, cifra a cui si deve aggiungere almeno 1 milione di persone che non sono consapevoli della loro situazione.
Si stima che il numero di persone con diabete di tipo 2 sia in rapido aumento in tutto il mondo, a causa della scarsa attenzione al regime alimentare e dell’aumento della sedentarietà.
Il diabete di tipo 1, detto anche diabete giovanile perché ha maggiore incidenza nei bambini e negli adolescenti, è una malattia autoimmune: il sistema immunitario distrugge le cellule del pancreas, responsabili della produzione di insulina, perché “nemiche” dell’organismo.
Le persone con diabete di tipo 1 devono necessariamente assumere insulina tutti i giorni: ecco perché questa forma viene chiamata anche insulino-dipendente.
In Italia le persone con diabete di tipo 1 sono circa 300.000 e l’incidenza di questa condizione è in aumento in tutto il mondo: un incremento del 23%, tra il 2001 e il 2009, nei soggetti al di sotto dei 20 anni; il numero dei giovani ai quali viene diagnosticato il diabete di tipo 1 cresce del 3% ogni anno. *
Non esiste ancora una cura di tipo definitivo per il diabete di tipo 1 ma sono molti i progetti di ricerca in corso.
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