Una ricerca italiana a cura del Centro di Ricerca Pediatrico Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi dell’Università degli Studi di Milano ha sviluppato una nuova piattaforma basata su nanotecnologie per curare il diabete tipo 1.
L’innovativa piattaforma permette il targeting delle cellule T effettrici contemporaneamente nei linfonodi pancreatici e nel pancreas. Le “cellule T effettrici” sono un gruppo di cellule in grado di rispondere attivamente a uno stimolo.
In questo caso, si tratta in particolare delle Hevs (High endothelial venules) presenti nei linfonodi pancreatici e nel pancreas.
I risultati di questa ricerca sono stati pubblicati su Advanced Materials.
I ricercatori, guidati dal Professor Paolo Fiorina – direttore del Centro di Ricerca Internazionale sul Diabete di Tipo 1 presso il Centro di Ricerca Pediatrico Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, hanno sviluppato un anticorpo monoclonale (mAb) anti-CD3, incapsulato in nanoparticelle la cui superficie è coniugata con un anticorpo che riconosce le Hevs.
Questo permette il rilascio diretto dell’anti-CD3 mAb sia nei linfonodi pancreatici che nel pancreas.
Nei ratti iperglicemici Nod (non-obese diabetic, ossia che pur non essendo obesi sviluppano spontaneamente il diabete di tipo 1), il trattamento con queste nanoparticelle ha portato a una remissione significativa del diabete tipo 1 rispetto ai gruppi di controllo.
La ricerca illustra come nel pancreas di topi Nod e di pazienti con diabete di tipo 1 vi siano Hevs di nuova formazione. Con questo trattamento, che ha come bersaglio le Hevs, è possibile rilasciare agenti immunoterapici in modo specifico nei linfonodi pancreatici e nel pancreas allo scopo di sopprimere in modo efficace il diabete autoimmune.
Analizzando in vitro le caratteristiche immunologiche dei linfociti T dei topi Nod iperglicemici trattati con le nanoparticelle, i ricercatori hanno rilevato una riduzione significativa delle cellule T effettrici e una diminuzione nella produzione di citochine pro-infiammatorie. Il Professor Fiorina dichaira: “Questa piattaforma basata su nanotecnologie, creata in collaborazione con il Brigham and Women’s Hospital e la Harvard Medical School, ci ha permesso di preservare le isole pancreatiche, ridurre le cellule T effettrici, aumentare le cellule T regolatorie e curare il diabete autoimmune in un modello preclinico di diabete di tipo 1”.
Sicuramente è fondamentale approfondire e continuare le ricerche, ma è indubbio che questi dati possono aiutare la scienza a trovare una strategia terapeutica efficace per il trattamento dei pazienti con diabete tipo 1.
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