Generalmente nelle ore centrali della notte – dalle 24 alle 4 – l’organismo è più sensibile all’insulina; al contrario, nelle ore successive si mostra più resistente alla sua azione.
Alcune persone con diabete di tipo 1 hanno un fabbisogno di insulina variabile e non stabile, durante le ore notturne.
Si parla di questa condizione come di “effetto alba”.
L’“effetto alba” è dovuto all’elevata produzione dell’ormone della crescita (ormone che viene prodotto naturalmente dalla ghiandola pituitaria per tutta la vita; da adulti svolge prevalentemente un ruolo nella riparazione del tessuto muscolare così come la ripartizione dei grassi nelle cellule adipose) e del cortisolo (I’ormone prodotto dalle cellule della fascicolata del surrene, noto anche come “ormone dello stress” perché la sua produzione aumenta in condizioni di stress psico-fisico severo inibendo le funzioni corporee non indispensabili nel breve periodo per garantire il massimo sostegno agli organi vitali ), fattori che determinano una resistenza all’azione dell’insulina con conseguente incremento di produzione e rilascio di glucosio da parte del fegato.
Quando la secrezione di questi ormoni aumenta durante le ore notturne, si manifesta un rialzo della glicemia, dovuto alla produzione di glucosio da parte del fegato. Di conseguenza, il fabbisogno insulinico aumenta ma la quantità di insulina iniettata la sera, prima di coricarsi, non basta a coprire le ore notturne fino al risveglio. Fattore che porta a glicemie mattutine più elevate di quelle riscontrate la sera precedente, nonostante le ore di digiuno notturno.
Le soluzioni all’iperglicemia del risveglio possono essere tre:
1) Scegliere un’insulina ad azione più ritardata;
2) Posticipare l’iniezione d’insulina intermedia della sera al momento di coricarsi (per fare ciò occorre applicare lo schema multiiniettivo di 4 iniezioni al giorno );
3) Scegliere un microinfusore sottocutaneo di insulina, che permette di calibrare l’apporto basale di insulina.
Fatti sempre consigliare dal tuo diabetologo per impostare il dosaggio di insulina e la terapia più adatta a te!
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